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Wednesday, December 11, 2024 11:40
India-USA Nexus and G20 Summit: India’s Bluff on Poverty and Humanity Palestine and Kashmir: Two Illegal Occupations, Two Epic Struggles Analytical Discourse of Iqbal’s Philosophy of Education The Contemporary Relevance of Allama Iqbal’s Educational Philosophy One Hundred Days of Special Investment Facilitation Council: Achievements, Challenges, and Future Prospects The Rise of Narendra Modi: From RSS Foot Soldier to India Transformative Initiatives: SIFC's Holistic Approach Reshaping Pakistan's Economic Landscape Hilli: The Bloodiest Battle of 1971 in East Pakistan The Mercurial Tasnim: The Naval Hero and Captain of PNS Hangor Who Sank INS Khukri Quaid’s Personality Traits in the Making of Pakistan Special Investment Facilitation Council: Mandate, Functioning, and Progress The Melody of a Fallen Hero: Wing Commander Mervyn Leslie Middlecoat Analyzing India Hindutva Terror Goes Global Repatriation of Illegal Foreign Residents from Pakistan Tensions Within: India's Internal Strife and the Intensification of Anti-Muslim Rhetoric Ahead of 2024 Elections Voices of Resistance: A Comprehensive Look at the Challenges in IIOJK and Palestine USAID-SIFC Roadshow in the UAE: An Important Milestone Toward Prosperous Pakistan Navigating the Path from Digitization to Digital Transformation Pakistan’s Transformative Shift from Reactive to Proactive Approach to Disaster Management Realizing Pakistan’s Vision 2025 and the Role of Special Investment Facilitation Council Reko Diq : A Billion-Dollar Mining Odyssey We Shall Rise: APS Peshawar's Journey of Hope and Triumph Those Who Dared: Compiling Untold Stories of Escape Attempts from India (1971-73) Question of Palestine Eternal Wisdom: Iqbal Building Futures: Empowering Pakistan's Youth for Tomorrow Tourism: An Essential Element for Sustainable and Inclusive Growth Connecting Youth to Global Opportunities Algorithms: The Silent Architects of Warfare Pakistani Youth: The Driving Force for National Progress Investing in Future Generations: Pakistan Army Lost Voices: The Systematic Marginalization of Indian Muslims Parallel Struggles: Examining the Palestinian and Kashmiri Quests for Self-determination Emergence of BJP as a Hindutva Force The Fourth Industrial Revolution: Transforming Pakistan Building Sustainable Cities: Urban Search and Rescue Preparedness Simulation Exercise In the Pursuit of Happiness: Understanding Hedonia, Eudemonia, and Naikan COAS’ U.S. Visit: Strengthening Ties and Fostering Collaboration A Biological Marvel of Human Heart Educational Empowerment: FC Balochistan (North) Initiates Literacy Program for Soldiers Digital Pakistan Journey: Pioneering Towards a Connected Future Driving Digital Transformation: Pakistan CJCSC Calls on His Majesty King Abdullah II Ibn Al Hussain During His Visit to Jordan COAS' Peshawar Visit Highlights Security, Socioeconomic Development and National Unity Unity in Diversity: COAS Joins Christmas Celebrations with Christian Community in Rawalpindi Chief of the Naval Staff Attends Indian Ocean Naval Symposium in Bangkok Strengthening Bonds and Elevating Collaboration: Combat Commander Turkish Air Force Calls on Chief of the Air Staff Closing Ceremony of Multinational Special Forces Exercise Fajar Al Sharq-V Strengthens Counterterrorism Collaboration Off the Beaten Track: Exploring Jiwani's Coastal Marvels and Heritage Special Investment Facilitation Council: A Game Changer for the Economy of Pakistan Rising Stars: Pakistan’s Youth Shines Bright in 2023 Indian Supreme Court’s Decision and the International Law Challenges to Justice: The Indian Supreme Court’s Fallacy in IIOJK Belt and Road Initiative: Strengthening Global Ties with Unhindered Trade and Connectivity The Media Matrix: Unraveling How Technology Shapes Our Perception Decoding Human Interaction: The Comprehensive Guide to Reading Body Language The Magic of Moscow On the Same Wavelength: Suno FM's Impact on Community Empowerment, Diversity, and Social Progress in Pakistan The Journey of SAIL: A Beacon of Hope for Autism in Gilgit-Baltistan Pakistan National Youth Convention 2024: COAS Stresses Youth's Vital Role, Urges Unity, and National Strength Vice Foreign Minister of the People’s Republic of China Calls on COAS COAS Attends Inauguration Ceremony of the Second Chapter of NASTP Silicon PAF's Induction and Operationalization Ceremony Showcases Technological Advancements and Operational Excellence COAS Witnesses Firing of Different Air Defense Weapon Systems During Exercise Al-Bayza-III, 2024 COAS Visits POF Wah, Highlights Importance of Indigenous Defense Industry Exercise Sea Guard-24: Strengthening Maritime Security Al-Noor Special Children School and College Celebrates International Day of Persons with Disabilities 2023 in Multan Garrison Exercise BARRACUDA-XII: Strengthening Global Cooperation for Maritime Safety and Environmental Protection Pakistan-Qatar Joint Aerial Exercise "Zilzal-II" Held in Qatar March 23, 1940: Charting the Course for Pakistan's Future Peshawar’s Namak Mandi: A Gemstone Heaven Genocide in Palestine Rising Cities, Shrinking Spaces: Tackling Overpopulation and Urbanization in Pakistan Impact of Pakistan Resolution Day on National Identity Building Leaders: Jinnah and Iqbal's Timeless Wisdom for Today's Youth National Parks–Natural Assets India's New Playbook for Extraterritorial Assassination of Opponents The Legacy of Khan Brothers in Pakistan Armed Forces (Part II) Beyond the Battlefield: AIMH’s Quest for Military History Preservation The Siege of 634 A.D. (Part II) SIFC, From Vision to Reality (Part II) A New Dawn in Pakistan's Agriculture The Crowdsourcing Practices The Last Post: Eulogy of a Hero Securing Tomorrow’s Food: Sustainable Agriculture and Aquaculture in Pakistan The Saindak Copper-Gold Project: A Beacon of Pak-China Friendship and Prosperity Prime Minister of Pakistan, Prime Minister of Azad Jammu and Kashmir, and COAS Visit Muzaffarabad CJCSC Calls on Minister of Defense, KSA 7th International PATS Exercise-2024 Held at NCTC, Pabbi CNS Visits Coastal Belt of Sindh and Coastal Areas of Balochistan to Oversee the Conduct of Exercise Seaspark-2024 Keel Laying Ceremony of the Second HANGOR Class Submarine Held at Karachi Shipyard and Engineering Works Chinese Ambassador Calls on Chief of the Air Staff Pakistan Navy Demonstrates Combat Readiness with Live Missile Firing Exercise in the North Arabian Sea PAF's Jf-17 Thunder Block-III Fighter Jet Participates in World Defense Air Show-2024 A Day of Celebration and Global Solidarity: Pakistan Day Parade 2024 Gaza: A Tragedy Beyond Words Better Late than Never... Escalating Tensions: India's Violations of the Indus Waters Treaty Preserving Pakistan Pakistan Day Parade-2024: A Celebration of National Unity and Strength Demolition of Muslim Properties in India: A Weapon of Choice and State Policy Sustainable Energy Transition: Strategies for Pakistan’s Shift towards Renewable Resources and Energy Efficiency The Impact of Climate Change on Global Health: Building Resilient Health Systems SIFC, From Vision to Reality (Part III) Emerging from the Depths: The Pakistan Army Dedicated to Promoting Tolerance and Diversity: Pakistan Army, in Collaboration with the University of Peshawar, Hosts a Successful Grand Peace Fair Pak-Saudi On Job Training 2024 CJCSC Addresses SCO Military Medical Seminar 2024 on Challenges in Military Medicines Loyalty, Honor, Duty: The Pivotal Role of Pakistan Armed Forces in Upholding Peace and Security From Darkness to Light–One Year On: Contemplating May 9, 2023 to May 9, 2024 Beyond the Smoke and Mirrors Global Perspectives on Content Regulation: Examining Network Enforcement Act and Disinformation Laws The Issue of Palestine: A Historical, Religious, and Humanitarian Perspective Modi’s Guarantee and Hindutva Incorporated Divide and Conquer: The Dangerous Surge of Anti-Muslim Rhetoric in Indian Politics India's Hybrid Warfare in Kashmir India: Where the Price of Protest is Death! Pakistani Peacekeepers and the International Peacekeeping Day Empowering Pakistan: Navigating the Path to Sustainable Energy Autarky Overpopulation: Navigating Challenges and Charting Solutions for Pakistan Pakistan and Saudi Arabia Friendship: Dawn of a New Era SIFC, From Vision to Reality (Part IV) A Tale of Two Sultans: Brigadier Sultan Ahmed, SJ & Bar (Part II) In the Footsteps of Valor: A Journey through Peshawar Garrison Pakistan Military Academy Passing Out Parade-2024 CGS Turkish Armed Forces Calls on COAS Green Pakistan Initiative Conference Highlights National Commitment to Agricultural Innovation and Economic Growth Commander Turkish Land Forces Calls on COAS Minister of Foreign Affairs, KSA, Calls on COAS Assistant Minister of Defense, KSA, Calls on COAS PAF Academy Asghar Khan Hosts Prestigious Graduation Ceremony for Aviation Cadets Faculty and Students from Muzaffargarh Government Post Graduate College Visit Multan Garrison SIFC's First Year: Transforming Pakistan's Investment Landscape SIFC’s First Birthday SIFC Building an Investor SIFC, From Vision to Reality (Part V) : Driving Growth in Industry, Tourism, and Privatization SIFC and Pakistan’s Economic Landscape: A Year in Review Chinas Transition from Industry 3.0 to 4.0 Social Media in Pakistan: Balancing Risks and Governance for National Security Indian Ambitious “Make in India” Approach for Defense Production: An Appraisal India s Bold Shift: Extraterritorial Killings and Regional Instability as the New Normal Charting a Path Towards Water Sustainability: Pakistan Comparative Analysis of IQ, EQ, SQ and AQ Harboring Opportunities: The Socioeconomic Benefits of Gwadar Port Development for Pakistan and the Region From Gridlock to Green Lanes: OLMRTS Drive Progress Evolution of Multan: A Journey Through the Past, Present, and Future Empowering Tomorrow Embracing Tradition: Welcoming the 17th Entry to Military College Sui Balochistan Champions of the Desert: Balochistan Sheikha Fatima Bint Mubarak Girls Cadet College Turbat Hosts First Passing-out Parade Secretary General of Defense and National Armaments, Italy, Calls on CJCSC U.S. CENTCOM Commander Calls on COAS Chief of Defense Forces Australia Calls on COAS Turkish Foreign Minister Visits COAS COAS and CGS UK Army’s Address at 6th Pakistan-UK Regional Stabilization Conference GHQ Investiture Ceremony Held at General Headquarters COAS Extends Condolence to Iran Following Helicopter Crash That Claimed Top Officials CNS visits PLA (Navy) Headquarters China CNS Attends 19th Western Pacific Naval Symposium CNS Attends the Launching Ceremony of 1st HANGOR Class Submarine CAS Calls on General Secretary of MOD and Commander of Iraqi Air Force Commander Southern Command and 2 Corps Visits Khairpur Tamewali Pakistan-U.S. Navy Bilateral Exercise Inspired Union 2024 Pakistan Navy's Humanitarian Mission in Balochistan's Flood-ravaged Villages The Heat is On: How Pakistan is Battling the Dire Consequences of Climate Change Solid Waste Management in Pakistan: Promotion of Sustainable Circular Economy Revolutionizing Flood Risk Management in Pakistan: Harnessing the Power of River Indus Assumptions Vs. Realities: Demystifying Pakistan‘s Defense Budget Unresolved Turmoil, The Gaza Conflict and Israel‘s Strategic Quagmire Post Shangri-La Dialogue: Prospects for Regional Security and Stability Optimizing the Benefits of CPEC 2.0 Sagadat Nurmagambetov: An Example of Persistence, Courage, and Selfless Devotion to the Motherland From Digital Resistance to Pro-Palestinian Encampment SIFC: Catalyst for Foreign Investment Driving Pakistan‘s Economic Transformation Charting a Green Future: How SIFC is Leading Pakistan‘s Green Revolution Digital Terrorism: Implications for Pakistan‘s National Security and Policy Tich‘ Cowan – The Fighting Admiral Leepa Valley: Where Nature Meets Patriotism RUMANZA: Transforming Pakistan‘s Golfing Landscape with World-Class Excellence Inside Okara Garrison: Students Witness Pakistan Army‘s Training and Tradition Prime Minister Pays Tribute at Sepoy Haroon William‘s Funeral Service CJCSC Visits Turkiye Chief of Defense Forces Australia Calls on CJCSC COAS Visits the LOC in the Haji Pir Sector Chief of Royal Malaysian Navy Calls on CNS Royal Saudi Naval Forces Delegation Visits Pakistan CAS Visits Command and Staff College Quetta Commander Multan Corps Reviews Troops’ Watermanship Training in Okara Rescue at Sea: Pakistan Navy Saves 8 Iranian Fishermen Amid Vessel Fire Historical Foundations of Pakistan and the Requirements for Nation-Building Quaid, WWII, and the Pathway to Pakistan India and Israel: Similarities (Part I) Indian Illegally Occupied Jammu and Kashmir: Five Years Later Beyond the Headlines: How Kashmir‘s Status Change Alters the Conflict Food Insecurity: The Hidden Threat of Illicit Foot Trade Modi‘s Impact on the Soul of India The Role of Education in Overcoming Human Violence in Pakistan Rights as a Weapon of Leverage in the 5th Generation Warfare Vision for a Peaceful and Prosperous Pakistan: Conceptual Aspects of the Fast-Paced Socioeconomic Development Program Navigating the Meritocracy Maze: Challenges, Strategies, and Pathways to Progress in Pakistan Bakhtawar Shah: A Legendary Character of Gilgit-Baltistan The Importance of Civic Awareness in Pakistan From Multan to the Global Stage: How Pakistan is Reclaiming Freelancing Success The Revival of a Cherished Tradition: Burn Hall College Hosts Inaugural Tent Pegging Competition CJCSC and Russian Officials Commit to Enhanced Bilateral Collaboration Chief of Staff of the Brazilian Navy Calls on CJCSC 97th Anniversary of PLA Commemorated at GHQ 121st Midshipmen and 29th Short Service Commissioning Parade Held at Pakistan Naval Academy Pre-Induction Training of 23 Cavalry Regiment Demonstrated at Muzaffargarh Field Firing Ranges Pakistan-United States Infantry Rifle Company Exchange Exercise-2024 Held at NCTC, Pabbi PNS Babur's Historic Voyage: Strengthening Pakistan-Türkiye Naval Ties Certificate Award Ceremony of the First RSNF ASW Training Course Held at PNS Mehran Bridging Dreams and Reality—A Path to Pakistan‘s Prosperity Remembering the Spirit of September 6, 1965 The Spirit of Indo-Pakistan War 1965 The Hour of Glory: The Battle of Jassoran 1965 105 MM Pack Howitzer: The Infantryman’s Friend Major Aziz Bhatti Shaheed: The Unyielding Defender of Pakistan Battle of Burki 1965: The Pivotal Clash at Lahore‘s Gates Commemorating Courage: 1965 War Monuments of Manawan and Batapur Israel and India: Similarities (Part-II) The Rising Demon of Islamophobia Israel’s Relentless Violence CPEC and Beyond: The Strategic Depth of China-Pakistan Ties NATO‘s Eastward Expansion and Security Dilemma The Growth Trap: Population Boom vs. Resource Strain Climate Change and National Security: The Emerging Risks for Pakistan Integrating Climate Change Mitigation with Eco-Agro-Tourism for Local Economic Development in Northern Pakistan SIFC: A Guarantor of Strong and Secure Pakistan Plant 4 Pakistan: Green Revolution for a Sustainable Future Civic Awareness and National Security Harvard Business School Delegation Meets with COAS COAS Hosts Ceremony at GHQ to Honor Olympian Arshad Nadeem’s Historic Achievement in Paris Olympics 2024 Pakistan and Romania Pledge Enhanced Naval Cooperation During CNS’ Official Visit Pakistan Navy Commissions PNS HUNAIN in Romania British High Commissioner to Pakistan Calls on CAS General Secretary of the Ministry of Defense of Iraq Calls on CAS Strengthening Ties at Sea: RSNF Cadets Complete Advanced Training with Pakistan Navy Visit of Students and Faculty of Different Educational Institutions of Khanewal District to Okara Garrison Selective Justice: The Implications of Hinduization on Kashmir's Future Global Advocacy for the Freedom Movement in Kashmir Hinduization of Law Kashmir in Focus: The Abrogation of Article 370 and Its Implications under International Law Taliban Rule and Regional Stability India and Israel: Similarities (Part III) The Indian Nuclear Black Market: Perilous for South Asia International Day for Disaster Risk Reduction A Regional Approach to Tackling Terrorism Digital Frontlines: How Pakistan Can Navigate the Challenges of Fifth-Generation Warfare Unlocking Strategic Investments: How Pakistan’s SIFC Can Bridge Gaps in Foreign Direct Investments, Climate Action, and Economic Growth Safe and Strong Pakistan: The Role of SIFC in Overcoming Pakistan‘s Policy Implementation Challenges From the Heart of Tirah: A Soldier‘s Reflection on Sacrifice and Duty Emerging Talent: Ozair Bin Abbas Shines in Pakistani Golf Inspiring Hope through Sports: Pakistan Army‘s Commitment to Kashmiri Youth Gilgit-Baltistan Liberation War 1947-48: The Untold Story of Courage, Sacrifice, and the Quest for Freedom Henry Charles ‘Hal’ Bevan Petman (1894-1980) Advancing Cardiac Care: Why AFIC/NIHD is the Go-To Destination for Cutting-Edge Cardiac Care in Pakistan Guardians of Peace: Pakistan‘s Extensive Contributions to UN Peacekeeping A New Era in Naval Defense: Historic Induction of PNS HUNAIN and BABUR Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif Reviews Army War Game Outcomes and Operational Readiness CJCSC Visits People‘s Republic of China COAS Inaugurates Innovista Indus IT Park, Emphasizes Tech-Driven Economic Growth COAS Visits Orakzai District, Encouraging Brave Soldiers in their Commitment to Peace CAS Calls on Turkish President and Military Leadership During His Visit to Türkiye Ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Iran Calls on CAS Pakistan-Indonesia Joint Exercise Elang Strike-II Held at NCTC, Pabbi Government College Sahiwal Students and Faculty Visit Sahiwal Garrison Before All is Lost: A Call for Justice for Palestine From the Rubble: The Struggle for Palestinian Survival Amidst Bombardment of Gaza and Lebanon Israel’s Strategy of Statehood and Identity Erasure Netanyahu’s Game Israel’s Iron Dome: Defense or Oppression Pakistan and the SCO Toward a Collaborative Future: Pakistan Turning the Tide: Innovative Solutions for Water Conservation in Pakistan Military Use of Artificial Intelligence by India Healing Heroes: Inside Pakistan’s Leading Rehabilitation Center Iqbal’s Vision for a Unified Muslim World Amidst Modern Challenges Iqbal’s Ode to Humanity: Reflections on Prophets, Poets, and Philosophers Chameleons of War,How Military Uniforms Evolved to Meet Combat Demands In Memory of Major Wasif Hussain Shah Shaheed (SBt): The Braveheart of Datta Khel Merging Visions: The Shared Path of Economic Advancement for China and Pakistan Pakistan Military Academy Passing Out Parade-2024 CJCSC Attends SVI’s Islamabad Non-Proliferation Conference 2024 COAS Witnesses the Ongoing Multinational Exercise Indus Shield-2024 Minister of Investment, KSA, H. E. Khalid Bin Abdulaziz Al Falih Calls on COAS Malaysian Prime Minister Calls on COAS Prime Minister of the Republic of Belarus, Calls on COAS Azerbaijan 7th Meet of Pakistan-KSA Bilateral Defense Industrial Forum Held at Riyadh, KSA Pakistan Army Aviation Showcases Aerial Field Fire Training at Muzaffargarh Field Firing Ranges Al-Barq Hockey Championship Finale 2024: Redefining the Sporting Moments at Okara Garrison Pakistan Army Team Triumphs at Cambrian Patrol 2024, Secures Gold Medal on 65th Anniversary of International Exercise Students and Faculty of Government College Chowk Azam Visits Multan Garrison Maria Khalid, Not Just Strategy, But Will: The Enduring Power of Human Agency in the 1971 War Interview with Admiral Shahid Karimullah (R): Reflections on the 1971 War and Beyond An Unsung Hero of the Battle of Chhamb: Captain (Later Brigadier) Muhammad Hayat Khan Quaid as a Successful Negotiator with Congress and the British in His Pursuit of Pakistan Goal The Founding Principles of Pakistan: Quaid-e-Azam’s Vision for a Progressive Future Is COP Still Fit for Purpose Where Heritage and Nature Converge: SIFC’s Tourism Evolution in the North Narcotics Abuse on Campus: Unhooking Addiction People First: How Human Capital Shapes Tomorrow Building Tomorrow: How the Pakistan Army is Shaping a Digital Generation in Azad Jammu and Kashmir Lahore Sindh Regimental Centre: Evolution, Legacy, and its Strategic Contributions in the Pakistan Army Fifty Years On: A Golden Jubilee of Leadership, Legacy, and Camaraderie IDEAS 2024: Excellence in Defense Dynamics and Trends in Defense Industries CJCSC Visits The Republic of Azerbaijan Vice Chairman of the CMC Holds Key Talks with COAS at GHQ Chief of the Australian Army Meets COAS at GHQ, Rawalpindi 28th Annual Conference of IAPTC Held at CIPS, NUST Islamabad COAS Visits the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia COAS Visits IDEAS-2024 at the Karachi Expo Centre Chief of the Royal Malaysian Air Force Calls on CAS Deputy Minister of Defense of the Russian Federation Calls on CAS Bahrain Medal-First Class Conferred Upon CAS CGS Pakistan Army Meets PLA Commander in Beijing to Discuss Regional Security and Military Cooperation COAS Visits NCTC Pabbi, Interacts with Participants of Pak-China Joint Exercise Warrior-VIII 3rd Army Wushu Championship 2024/25: A Display of Strength, Skill, and Sportsmanship Child Protection Bureau Visits Multan Garrison Chronicles of Captivity: 1971-73
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Hilal English

Global Perspectives on Content Regulation: Examining Network Enforcement Act and Disinformation Laws

May 2024

As we examine global content regulation, each country presents a distinct approach: from Germany's Network Enforcement Act to Russia's sovereign internet laws, and from the UK's Online Safety Act to India's media rights challenges.


In an era defined by hybrid warfare and the unchecked proliferation of social media, the battle for minds has become as potent as any conventional conflict. As the world witnesses this challenge, nations are looking towards exemplars who have implemented strict measures to rein in unbridled media. From Germany's Network Enforcement Act to Russia's sovereign internet laws, the global community is scrutinizing diverse approaches to combat fake news, hate speech, and misinformation online. These legislative actions underscore a critical juncture where the balance between free expression and societal well-being hangs in the balance.
Germany’s Network Enforcement Act



The Network Enforcement Act, informally referred to as the Facebook Act (Facebook—Gesetz), represents a significant legislative initiative passed by the German Bundestag (the lower house of the federal legislature of Germany) with the explicit objective of countering the proliferation of fake news, hate speech, and misinformation in the online sphere. Enacted on October 1, 2017, this law imposes a legal obligation upon social network providers to promptly remove any content deemed unlawful from their platforms. Non-compliance with this mandate constitutes a regulatory offense, potentially incurring substantial fines. Notably, the enactment of this law has catalyzed international attention, prompting at least 13 countries, along with the European Commission, to either adopt or consider frameworks of intermediary liability akin to the provisions delineated within the Network Enforcement Act.1



In response to escalating concerns regarding hate speech dissemination, German Justice Minister Heiko Maas orchestrated the establishment of a specialized task force in 2015, drawing participation from major tech conglomerates such as Google, Facebook, and Twitter.2 This collaborative effort aimed to swiftly address the proliferation of illegal posts, with a mandate to remove such content within a stringent 24-hour window. Subsequent analysis, detailed in a published report, revealed notable strides in content moderation performance. YouTube, for instance, demonstrated a commendable efficacy, eliminating 90 percent of flagged content, with 82 percent of such removals occurring within the stipulated timeframe. In comparison, Facebook exhibited a comparatively modest performance, removing only 39 percent of reported content, with 33 percent of deletions achieved within the designated 24-hour period. Similarly, Twitter's response remained less robust, with a mere 1 percent of reported posts being taken down promptly. These statistics underscore a marked improvement over previous metrics, highlighting a tangible shift towards more proactive moderation strategies within the social media landscape.
Following incidents like the ‘live-streamed attack on a synagogue’ and a ‘lawmaker's shooting’, Berlin has proposed new measures requiring platforms like Facebook, Twitter, and Google to actively report illegal content to law enforcement. This move aims to expedite the response to harmful material, with plans for a dedicated federal police unit to handle submissions and the mandatory provision of IP addresses for those responsible for spreading hateful content.3 The renewed effort underscores Germany's commitment to holding tech giants accountable for content shared on their platforms, setting a precedent for other countries for greater regulation of online speech. 
Russia's Internet Governance



In November 2019, Russia implemented laws enabling centralized state control over its internet infrastructure, aiming to isolate its network and regulate information flow. Recent actions, like blocking Telegram, underscore its efforts to curb dissent and control communication.4



On March 4, 2022, Russia enacted laws imposing both administrative and criminal penalties for disseminating "false" information, with immediate effect.5 These laws, collectively known as the "March 2022 Amendments," expanded the Russian Criminal Code to criminalize various actions, including spreading knowingly false information about the Russian Armed Forces and obstructing military operations. These regulations apply to all social media platforms, including Bloomberg Terminal and TikTok.



For instance, Russian courts have imposed fines on individuals for disseminating "knowingly false information" about COVID-19 through various digital platforms, including WhatsApp and VKontakte (social media platform). Similarly, these penalties likely extend to spreading false information about the Russian Armed Forces and state authorities. 



The Russian bill's report referenced Germany's Network Enforcement Act, suggesting the need for similar regulations in Russia. Additionally, Russia has established or proposed governmental entities responsible for ordering intermediaries to remove illegal content without independent review or complaint mechanisms.6



During the Russian-Ukrainian conflict, Roskomnadzor issued censorship orders to foreign platforms, including YouTube, alleging Western "information warfare." This extended to domestic media, resulting in shutdowns and the exodus of 150 journalists.7
Since 2017, Russia has expanded the number of agencies authorized to enforce content blocking and raised fines for entities, such as internet service providers (ISPs) and search engines, that resist content removal or offer ways to bypass censorship.8 In 2023, Russia saw a surge in electronic crime cases, including alleged cooperation with foreign intelligence agencies. Amendments by President Putin increased the maximum penalty for "high treason" to life imprisonment. Curtailing anti-war speech continued, resulting in convictions of at least 77 individuals. Prominent opposition figures received lengthy prison sentences, signaling a crackdown on dissent.9



House of Lords Communications and Digital Committee inquiry into Freedom of Expression Online


Since 2017, the Network Enforcement Act has played a crucial role in tackling online hate crimes. It mandates social networks to swiftly remove illegal content and offers a streamlined process to fulfill this obligation. Carsten Müller, a member of Germany’s Bundestag, shared insights on the NetzDG law, which targets illegal online content. He emphasized its role in combatting hate crime online while safeguarding freedom of expression. Müller addressed concerns about penalizing platforms for content removal and discussed the law's influence on international regulation.10
The tightening grip of Russian internet laws, from centralized control to recent penalties for spreading false information, reveals a global struggle between state power and digital freedom. As Russia looks to Germany's Network Enforcement Act for inspiration, the battle between combating illegal content and upholding civil liberties intensifies on the world stage.
UK's Online Safety Act 2023: Balancing Security and Privacy in the Digital Age



The United Kingdom’s (UK's) Online Safety Act 2023 is the digital guardian for all, with a special focus on shielding the youngsters. This legislation, a labor of years, aspires to mold the UK into the world's ultimate safe haven online, placing tech giants under a new regime of obligations in shaping and policing their digital realms.11
The UK’s ‘Online Safety Bill’ is a visionary proposal poised to sanitize the digital realm, purging it of illicit and harmful content while championing the sacred right to free expression. Its mission is to shield internet users from the lurking dangers of fraudulent content and safeguard children from the harmful depths of the online world.12
In December 2020, the UK watchdog, the Office of Communications (Ofcom), fined Republic Bharat, the Hindi channel of Republic TV, GBP 20,000 for broadcasting hate speech against Pakistani individuals in a program aired the previous year. Ofcom's detailed note on the decision highlighted comments made by the host, Arnab Goswami, and some guests, which amounted to hate speech and derogatory treatment of Pakistani people. The show, "Poochta Hai Bharat," failed to comply with Ofcom's broadcasting rules, leading to the fine and restrictions on the licensee's broadcasting activities in the UK.13



New proposals introduced by the Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport (DCMS) could mean fines or blocks for websites failing to tackle "online harms" like terrorism and child abuse. The plan includes an independent watchdog writing a "code of practice" for tech giants, with potential penalties for breaches.14
In December 2020, the UK's data watchdog, the Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO), fined TikTok GBP 12.7 million for mishandling children's data and violating safety concerns. Despite its rules prohibiting children under 13 from creating accounts, TikTok allowed approximately 1.4 million UK children in that age group to access its platform in 2020. Consequently, the social media app was barred from all UK government-owned phones.15



The UK's Online Safety Bill, which received royal assent on October 26, 2023, has become a law. Aimed at making the UK the "safest place in the world to be online," it introduces new obligations for tech firms to police their platforms, tackling issues from underage access to online pornography to terrorism-related content.16


Hate Crime and Public Order (Scotland) Bill
On March 11, 2021, the Scottish Parliament approved the Hate Crime and Public Order (Scotland) Bill, enhancing existing hate crime legislation. The Act broadens the scope of protected characteristics, introduces new offenses for stirring up hatred, and consolidates all hate crime laws within it. Additionally, the Act mandates the publication of hate crime data and convictions annually. It aims to combat hate crimes rooted in prejudice against characteristics such as age, disability, religion, sexual orientation, and transgender identity.17
In 2023, the UK faced a digital crime surge, with police recording a whopping 5.5 million offenses, excluding fraud and computer misuse, which spiked by 15 percent to 1.2 million cases.18 While there was a slight uptick in crimes resulting in charges or summons, mysterious suspects still puzzle investigators, closing nearly 40 percent of cases. With the average time to resolve cases at 14 days, authorities are feeling the pressure of the rising workload.
The surge in digital crime underscores the urgent need for robust measures like the UK's Online Safety Act 2023. Despite challenges, the Act aims to strike a delicate balance between security and privacy, positioning the UK as a global leader in online safety.19
Recent Developments in Social Media Regulation and Disinformation Combat in the USA
In the ever-evolving landscape of digital regulation and misinformation combat, the United States has been at the forefront of implementing new measures and addressing emerging challenges. From bipartisan actions targeting social media giants to the establishment of specialized centers to counter foreign influence, recent developments reflect a concerted effort to navigate the complexities of the digital age.
U.S. Senate Passes Bill Regulating TikTok
After the Senate's decisive move on social media regulation, a bipartisan bill swiftly passed, forcing ByteDance to sell TikTok within a year or face a U.S. ban. Driven by national security and data privacy worries, lawmakers championed the bill, while TikTok vows legal resistance, citing free speech violations. Amid the escalating battle, potential buyers, including major tech giants, scramble to navigate the sale's complexities, complicated by China's involvement. U.S. legislation, prompted by concerns over potential access to sensitive user data by the Chinese government through TikTok, bans the platform unless sold to a government-approved buyer.20
Deepfake Dilemma: U.S. and UK Respond with Legal Measures
In response to the widespread dissemination of fake images of Taylor Swift, U.S. lawmakers are advocating for the creation of laws specifically targeting the production of deepfake content. Although there are no existing federal regulations addressing this issue, some states have begun efforts to address it. Meanwhile, in the UK, the Online Safety Act of 2023 has made the sharing of deepfake pornography illegal, marking a significant step toward combating digital manipulation.21



Establishment of FMIC



The Foreign Malign Influence Center (FMIC) was established on September 23, 2022, following congressional funding approval. Although its creation was initially undisclosed, it operates within the Office of the Director of National Intelligence (ODNI) and has the unique authority to coordinate efforts across the U.S. intelligence community to combat foreign influence, including disinformation campaigns. As per its mandate, the FMIC is empowered to counter foreign disinformation aimed at U.S. elections and public opinion.22
Biden Administration’s Social Media Crackdown



The Biden Administration, along with twelve Democratic state attorneys general, collaborated with social media platforms to purge accounts and quash undesirable narratives identified by the Center for Countering Digital Hate (CCDH). Through direct emails, the administration urged Facebook and other platforms to de-platform the so-called "disinfo dozen," a label coined by CCDH.23
FTC's Crackdown on Meta's Privacy Violations 



As of May 2023, the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) has taken action against social media platforms for deceptive practices regarding misinformation. In one case, Facebook settled with the FTC over allegations of misleading users about privacy practices, resulting in a record-breaking USD 5 billion penalty. Now known as Meta, the company faces new accusations from the FTC for failing to adhere to its 2020 data privacy settlement.24 These allegations include misleading representations about parental controls on Messenger and improper data access for app developers. If found guilty, Meta could face additional restrictions and penalties, including bans on profiting from data collected from users under 18 and heightened privacy requirements.
U.S. State Laws Target Social Media Content Moderation



In 2021, Florida and Texas passed laws targeting social media platforms' content moderation practices, particularly concerning perceived bias against conservative viewpoints. These laws allow lawsuits against platforms with over 50 million monthly U.S. users for removing political content, except in cases involving criminal activity or imminent harm.25
U.S. Senate Bill 2023-S895A



As of May 2023, U.S. Senate Bill S895A mandates social media companies to prominently display terms of service for each platform they own or operate. It also requires them to submit reports on these terms to the attorney general and outlines remedies for violations.26
Tech Giants Ease ‘Misinfo’ Rules Ahead 2024 Elections



As of May 2023, major tech firms are easing restrictions on COVID-19 and 2020 election misinformation, sparking concerns. YouTube will now allow content alleging election fraud, and Meta reinstated Robert F. Kennedy Jr.'s Instagram for his presidential bid. Experts stress fact-checking but note layoffs may hinder enforcement. Platforms previously cracked down on hate speech, but under Elon Musk, Twitter is relaxing rules. Watch for changes in political ad policies as firms like Twitter and Spotify consider reinstating them.27
China's Battle Against Online Disinformation



In March 2022, in response to the surge of online disinformation polarizing public opinion in China, an adviser to the Chinese government proposed the implementation of fresh legislation aimed at prohibiting the creation and spread of false information on the internet. This call reflects growing concerns about the impact of misinformation on societal harmony and underscores the need for regulatory measures to address the proliferation of fabricated content in online spaces.28
China has implemented stringent laws to tackle disinformation, with severe penalties for those who spread false information that significantly disrupts public order. Offenders can face imprisonment for up to seven years for disseminating disinformation through media platforms.29
Developments in Electronic Crime Violations



In 2023, China saw significant strides in combating electronic crime, with a focus on data privacy violations. Didi Global, a major Chinese ride-hailing company, faced substantial fines in July 2022 for breaching privacy regulations, amounting to RMB 8.026 billion yuan (equivalent to USD 1.19 billion). To address telecom and online fraud, a new law was enacted, imposing stringent penalties on operators and service providers failing to meet compliance standards. Enterprises risk fines up to RMB 5 million yuan (approximately USD 736,750), while individuals face penalties of up to RMB 200,000 yuan (about USD 29, 470).30
Turkiye's Crackdown on Disinformation



In 2022, Turkiye's parliament passed a sweeping new law, allowing for the imprisonment of those accused of spreading disinformation for up to three years. The bill, proposed by the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP), aims to curb domestic journalism and social media activity. In response, journalists and press freedom organizations have condemned the law. The legislation criminalizes the intentional dissemination of disinformation or "fake news" without clearly defining what constitutes disinformation, raising concerns about arbitrary enforcement. Additionally, the law imposes harsher penalties for using anonymous accounts to spread alleged disinformation.
Japan's New Rapid-Response Unit to Combat Disinformation



In response to the growing threat of disinformation campaigns, Japan's central government is establishing an organization within the Cabinet Secretariat dedicated to combating fake news and impersonator accounts. Chief Cabinet Secretary, Hirokazu Matsuno announced the initiative, emphasizing the need to address the negative impacts of spreading false information on security and universal values. The new body will focus on gathering and analyzing information about disinformation, enhancing external information dissemination, and collaborating with external organizations. With disinformation posing a significant challenge in the digital era, the government aims to launch the rapid-response unit by fiscal 2024.32
This move comes as part of Japan's efforts to strengthen its response to information wars and safeguard against the spread of fake information, as outlined in the updated National Security Strategy. The new organization will collaborate with existing units within the Cabinet and other relevant ministries to bolster Japan's capabilities in combating disinformation effectively.
Malaysia’s Anti-Fake News Act 2018 
Enacted on April 11, 2018, the Anti-Fake News Act in Malaysia criminalizes the creation, dissemination, or circulation of fake news. Offenders face fines up to MYR 5,00,000 ringgits (USD 128,575) or imprisonment up to six years, or both. Additionally, continuing offenses may incur daily fines up to MYR 3000 ringgits (USD 771).33



As the world navigates the complex realm of digital regulation amidst the proliferation of social media and disinformation, it stands at a crucial point where the need for effective legislation becomes imperative. The challenges posed by unchecked social media platforms, which provide fertile ground for anti-state elements and misinformation campaigns, demand a comprehensive and nuanced approach. 


1.      Gesley, Jenny. 2021. “Germany: Network Enforcement Act Amended to Better Fight Online Hate Speech.” Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. July 6, 2021. https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2021-07-06/germany-network-enforcement-act-amended-to-better-fight-online-hate-speech/. 
2.      “Germany to Force Facebook, Twitter to Delete Hate Speech – DW – 03/14/2017.” n.d. DW.com. https://www.dw.com/en/germany-to-force-facebook-twitter-to-delete-hate-speech/a-37927085. 
3.      “Germany Lays down Marker for Online Hate Speech Laws.” 2019. Politico. October 30, 2019. https://www.politico.eu/article/germany-hate-speech-netzdg-angela-merkel-facebook-germany-twitter/. 
4.      “Deciphering Russia’s ‘Sovereign Internet Law’ | DGAP.” n.d. Dgap.org. https://dgap.org/en/research/publications/deciphering-russias-sovereign-internet-law. 
5.      "Guide to Understanding the Laws Relating to Fake News in Russia" (2022), ‘CPJ’. https://cpj.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/07/Guide-to-Understanding-the-Laws-Relating-to-Fake-News-in-Russia.pdf.
6.      Fiss, Jacob Mchangama, Joelle. n.d. “Germany’s Online Crackdowns Inspire the World’s Dictators.” Foreign Policy. https://foreignpolicy.com/2019/11/06/germany-online-crackdowns-inspired-the-worlds-dictators-russia-venezuela-india/. 
7.      Sherman, Justin. 2022. “Russia’s Internet Censor Is Also a Surveillance Machine.” Council on Foreign Relations. September 28, 2022. https://www.cfr.org/blog/russias-internet-censor-also-surveillance-machine.
8.      Human Rights Watch. 2020. “Russia: Growing Internet Isolation, Control, Censorship.” Human Rights Watch. June 18, 2020. https://www.hrw.org/news/2020/06/18/russia-growing-internet-isolation-control-censorship. 
9.      Human Rights Watch. 2024. “Russia: Events of 2023.” Human Rights Watch. January 11, 2024. https://www.hrw.org/world-report/2024/country-chapters/russia. 
10.    Written evidence submitted by Carsten Müller, "Carsten Müller MP—supplementary written evidence (FEO0112)", March 16, 2021. https://committees.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/26054/html/.
11.    Guest, Peter. 2023. “The UK’s Controversial Online Safety Act Is Now Law.” Wired. October 26, 2023. https://www.wired.com/story/the-uks-controversial-online-safety-act-is-now-law/. 
12.    “What You Need to Know about the UK’s Online Safety Bill.” n.d. Computerworld. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://www.computerworld.com/article/1615426/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-uks-online-safety-bill.html. 
13.    “UK Media Watchdog Fines Arnab’s Republic Bharat £20,000 for ‘Hate Speech against Pakistanis.’” n.d. The Wire. https://thewire.in/media/uk-govt-body-slaps-20000-fine-on-republic-bharat-for-hate-speech-against-pakistan. 
14.    Fox, Chris. 2019. “Websites to Be Fined over ‘Online Harms’ under New Proposals.” BBC News, April 8, 2019. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-47826946. 
15.    Browne, Ryan. 2020. “Social Media Giants Face Big Fines and Blocked Sites under New UK Rules on Harmful Content.” CNBC. December 15, 2020. https://www.cnbc.com/2020/12/15/uk-online-harms-bill-tech-giants-face-big-fines-and-blocked-sites.html. 
16.    Porter, Jon. 2023. “The UK’s Controversial Online Safety Bill Finally Becomes Law.” The Verge. October 26, 2023. https://www.theverge.com/2023/10/26/23922397/uk-online-safety-bill-law-passed-royal-assent-moderation-regulation. 
17.    “Crime Prevention: Hate Crime-Government. Scotland.” n.d. www.gov.scot. https://www.gov.scot/policies/crime-prevention-and-reduction/hate-crime/. 
18.    Home Office. 2023. “Crime Outcomes in England and Wales 2022 to 2023.” GOV.UK. July 20, 2023. https://www.gov.uk/government/statistics/crime-outcomes-in-england-and-wales-2022-to-2023/crime-outcomes-in-england-and-wales-2022-to-2023. 
19.    Ibid. 
20.    “Congress Passes TikTok Sell-Or-Ban Bill, but Legal Battles Loom.” n.d. USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2024/04/23/congress-passes-tiktok-ban-biden-china/73424172007/. 
21.    “Taylor Swift Deepfakes Spark Calls for US Legislation.” 2024. BBC News. January 26, 2024. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-68110476.amp. 
22.    Klippenstein, Ken. 2023. “The Government Created a New Disinformation Office to Oversee All the Other Ones.” The Intercept. May 5, 2023. https://theintercept.com/2023/05/05/foreign-malign-influence-center-disinformation/. 
23.    Press. 2023. “America First Legal Launches Multi-Front Investigation into Government Collusion with Pro-Censorship UK-Based Nonprofit ‘Center for Countering Digital Hate.’” America First Legal. July 20, 2023. https://aflegal.org/america-first-legal-launches-multi-front-investigation-into-government-collusion-with-pro-censorship-uk-based-nonprofit-center-for-countering-digital-hate/. 
24.    Davis, Jessica. 2023. “FTC Says Facebook Broke Terms of USD 5B Data Privacy Settlement.” SC Media. May 3, 2023. https://www.scmagazine.com/news/ftc-facebook-broke-terms-5b-data-privacy-settlement. 
25.    “Florida.” n.d. CivicPlus. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://www.civicplus.com/social-media-archiving/florida/. 
26.    “NY State Senate Bill 2023-S895A.” n.d. www.nysenate.gov. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://www.nysenate.gov/legislation/bills/2023/S895/amendment/A. 
27.    “Big Tech's misinformation policies for the 2024 election.” Axios, June 6, 2023.  https://www.axios.com/2023/06/06/big-tech-misinformation-policies-2024-election
28.    Taipei, Rhoda Kwan in. 2022. “Chinese Government Adviser Calls for Law to Ban ‘Fake News.’” The Guardian. March 8, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/mar/08/chinese-government-adviser-calls-for-law-to-ban-fake-news. 
29.    “China Policies Affecting Disinformation - ADTAC Disinformation Inventory.” n.d. Inventory.adt.ac. Accessed April 25, 2024. https://inventory.adt.ac/wiki/China_Policies_Affecting_Disinformation. 
30.    “Biggest Data Breach Fines and Settlements Worldwide 2020.” n.d. Statista. https://www.statista.com/statistics/1170520/worldwide-data-breach-fines-settlements/. 
31.    Ibid.
32.    “Japan Setting up Rapid-Response Unit to Counter Disinformation” n.d. The Asahi Shimbun. https://www.asahi.com/ajw/articles/14824434. 
33.    Buchanan, Kelly. 2018. “Malaysia: Anti-Fake News Act Comes into Force.” Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. April 19, 2018. https://www.loc.gov/item/global-legal-monitor/2018-04-19/malaysia-anti-fake-news-act-comes-into-force/.